Worldwide
As of April 2026, 75% of 131 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)鈥攊n other words, 98 countries鈥攊nclude clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs. Of all the LMICs assessed, 50% (66 countries) include one or more measures that explicitly target clean cooking (e.g., aiming to increase share of clean energy for cooking from 15% to 65% in 2030). The remaining ~24% (32 countries) include only implicit clean cooking measures, such as broad household energy measures that could apply to either cooking, lighting, and/or heating (e.g., a goal to achieve 19% reduction in emissions from the energy sector by 2030 by using energy-efficient appliances in households).
Conditionality
Conditional NDC measures are climate actions that a country commits to achieving only if it receives external support, such as international finance, technology transfer, or capacity building. By contrast, unconditional measures are those that a country expects to achieve using its own resources. Countries are not required to specify which measures of their NDC are conditional or unconditional, but many use this distinction to communicate where external support could enable more ambitious targets.
- This analysis focuses on whether conditionality is specified for clean cooking or broader household energy measures. Some NDCs specify conditionality at the economy-wide, target, or portfolio level, but do not identify whether individual clean cooking or household energy measures are conditional or unconditional.
- The 鈥渁t least one conditional measure鈥� category does not mean that all clean cooking or household energy measures in that country鈥檚 NDC are conditional. Countries may include a mix of conditional, unconditional, and/or non-specified measures.
- 鈥淣on-designated鈥� refers to measures that are not designated as conditional or unconditional.
Conditionality at the Worldwide Level
Of the 98 LMICs that include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs, 39% (38 countries1) include at least one conditional clean cooking or broad household energy measure. Just 3% (3 countries2) include only unconditional or only unconditional +听non-designated clean cooking or broad household energy measures. In addition, 58% (57 countries3) do not specify conditionality for any of their clean cooking or broader household energy measures.
1 Afghanistan, Armenia, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Rep (ROC), Cote d鈥橧voire, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominica, Eritrea, Fiji, Gambia, Haiti, Kyrgyz Republic, Lesotho, Mauritania, Micronesia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
2 Guinea, Malawi, and Samoa.
3 Albania, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Brazil, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, China, Colombia, Congo, Dem. Rep (DRC), Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Lao PDR, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Mali, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
| Region | LMICs with clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs | Of those, share with no conditionality specified for any of their clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures | Of those, share with at least one conditional measure | Of those, share with no conditional measures but at least one unconditional measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worldwide | 75% (98 LMICs) | 58% (57 LMICs) | 39% (38 LMICs) | 3% (3 LMICs) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 98% (46 LMICs) | 59% (27 LMICs) | 37% (17 LMICs) | 4% (2 LMICs) |
| South Asia | 100% (8 LMICs) | 62.5% (5 LMICs) | 37.5% (3 LMICs) | 0% (0 LMICs) |
| Middle East and North Africa | 42% (5 LMICs) | 60% (3 LMICs) | 40% (2 LMICs) | 0% (0 LMICs) |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 52% (12 LMICs) | 58% (7 LMICs) | 42% (5 LMICs) | 0% (0 LMICs) |
| East Asia and the Pacific | 73% (16 LMICs) | 37.5% (6 LMICs) | 56% (9 LMICs) | 6% (1 LMIC) |
| Europe and Central Asia | 58% (11 LMICs) | 82% (9 LMICs) | 18% (2 LMICs) | 0% (0 LMICs) |
Sub-Saharan Africa
As of April 2026, 98% of 47 LMICs in Sub-Saharan Africa (46 countries) include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs (Mauritius is the only one that does not).
Of all the Sub-Saharan African LMICs assessed, 83% (39 countries) include one or more measures that explicitly target clean cooking.1 The remaining 15% (7 countries) include only implicit clean cooking measures, such as broad household energy measures that could apply to either cooking, lighting, and/or heating.2
1 Countries with at least one measure explicitly targeting clean cooking are shown in bold: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep (DRC), Congo, Rep. (ROC), C么te d鈥橧voire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Conditionality
Of the 46 LMICs in Sub-Saharan Africa that include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs, 37% (17 countries2) include at least one conditional clean cooking or broad household energy measure. Meanwhile, 4% (2 countries3) include only unconditional or only unconditional + non-designated clean cooking or broad household energy measures. Finally, 59% (27 countries4) do not specify conditionality for any of their clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures.
2 Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo Rep (ROC), Cote d鈥橧voire, Eritrea, Gambia, Lesotho, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, and Togo.
3 Guinea and Malawi.
4 Angola, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
South Asia
As of April 2026, 100% of 8 LMICs in South Asia include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs. Of all South Asian LMICs assessed, 75% (6 countries) include one or more measures that explicitly target clean cooking. Another 25% (2 countries) include only implicit clean cooking measures, such as broad household energy measures that could apply to either cooking, lighting, and/or heating.1
1 Countries with at least one measure explicitly targeting clean cooking are shown in bold: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Conditionality
Of the 8 LMICs in South Asia that include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs, 37.5% (3 countries2) include at least one conditional clean cooking or broad household energy measure, while zero countries include only unconditional or only unconditional + non-designated clean cooking or broad household energy measures. In addition, 62.5% (5 countries3) do not specify conditionality for any of those clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures.
2 Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.
3 Bhutan, India, Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Middle East and North Africa
As of April 2026, 42% of 12 LMICs in the Middle East and North Africa (5 countries) include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs. Of all Middle Eastern and North African countries assessed, 17% (2 countries) include one or more measures that explicitly target clean cooking, and 25% (3 countries) include only implicit clean cooking measures, such as broad household energy measures that could apply to either cooking, lighting, and/or heating.1 Another 42% (5 countries) do not include any clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs,2 and ~17% (2 countries) have not submitted an NDC.3
1 Countries with at least one measure explicitly targeting clean cooking are shown in bold: Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen.
2 Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, and Tunisia.
3 Iran and Libya.
Conditionality
Of the 5 LMICs in the Middle East and North Africa that include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs, 40% (2 countries4) include at least one conditional clean cooking or broad household energy measure, while none听include only unconditional or only unconditional + non-designated clean cooking or broad household energy measures. In addition, 60% (3 countries5) do not specify conditionality for any of those clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures.
4 Djibouti and Morocco.
5 Algeria, Egypt, and Yemen.
Latin America and the Caribbean
As of April 2026, 52% of 23 LMICs in Latin America and the Caribbean (12 countries) include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs. Of all Latin American and Caribbean LMICs assessed, 35% (8 countries) include one or more measures that explicitly target clean cooking, and 17% (4 countries) include only implicit clean cooking measures such as broad household energy measures that could apply to either cooking, lighting, and/or heating.1 The other 48% (11 countries) do not include any clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs.2
1 Countries with at least one measure explicitly targeting clean cooking are shown in bold: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname.
2 Argentina, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Peru, St Lucia, and Venezuela.
Conditionality
Of the 12 LMICs in Latin America and the Caribbean that include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs, 42% (5 countries3) include at least one conditional clean cooking or broad household energy measure, while zero countries include only unconditional or only unconditional + non-designated clean cooking or broad household energy measures. In addition, 58% (7 countries4) do not specify conditionality for any of those clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures.
3 Belize, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, and Haiti.
4 Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname.
East Asia and the Pacific
As of April 2026, 73% of 22 LMICs in East Asia and the Pacific (16 countries) include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs. Of all East Asian and Pacific countries, 45% (10 countries) include one or more measures that explicitly target clean cooking, and 27% (6 countries) include only implicit clean cooking measures such as broad household energy measures that could apply to either cooking, lighting, and/or heating.1 The other 27% (6 countries) do not include any clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs.2听
1听Countries with at least one measure explicitly targeting clean cooking are shown in bold: Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Lao PDR, Micronesia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Vietnam.
2 Korea, Dem. People鈥檚 Republic (North Korea), Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Philippines, and Thailand.
Conditionality
Of the 16 LMICs in East Asia and the Pacific that include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs, 56% (9 countries3) include at least one conditional clean cooking or broad household energy measure, and 6% (1 country 鈥� Samoa) includes only unconditional or only unconditional + non-designated clean cooking or broad household energy measures. In addition, 37.5% (6 countries4) do not specify conditionality for any of those clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures.
3 Cambodia, Fiji, Micronesia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
4 China, Indonesia, Kiribati, Lao PDR, Tonga, and Vietnam.
Europe and Central Asia
As of April 2026, 58% of 19 LMICs in Europe and Central Asia (11 countries) include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs. Of all European and Central Asian LMICs assessed, only 5% (1 country) include one or more measures that explicitly target clean cooking, and 53% (10 countries) include only implicit clean cooking measures such as broad household energy measures that could apply to either cooking, lighting, and/or heating.1 The other 42% (8 countries) do not include any clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs.2听
1 Countries with at least one measure explicitly targeting clean cooking are shown in bold: Albania, Armenia,听Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Montenegro, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
2 Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Russian Federation, Serbia,听Turkiye, and Ukraine.
Conditionality
Of the 11 LMICs in Europe and Central Asia that include clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures in their NDCs, 18% (2 countries3) include at least one conditional clean cooking or broad household energy measure, while zero countries include only unconditional or only unconditional + non-designated clean cooking or broad household energy measures. In addition, 82% (9 countries4) do not specify conditionality for any of those clean cooking-specific or broader household energy measures.
3 Armenia and Kyrgyz Republic.
4 Albania, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Montenegro, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
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